A folk hero or national hero is a type of hero, real, fictional, or mythological. The single salient characteristic which makes a character a folk hero is the imprinting of the name, personality and deeds of the character in the popular consciousness. This presence in the popular consciousness is evidenced by mention in folk songs, folk tales and other folklore. Folk heroes are also the subject of literature and some films.
Although some folk heroes are historical public figures, they generally are not. Because the lives of folk heroes are generally not based on historical documents, the characteristics and deeds of a folk hero are often exaggerated to mythic proportions.
The folk hero often begins life as a normal person, but is transformed into someone extraordinary by significant life events, often in response to social injustice, and sometimes in response to natural disasters.
One major category of folk hero is the defender of the common people against the oppression or corruption of the established power structure. Members of this category of folk hero often, but not necessarily, live outside the law in some way.
Historically documented folk heroes
- Alfred the Great - English king of Wessex
- Johnny Appleseed â€" United States, he introduced the apple to large parts of Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois
- Arminius â€" Germany, was a chieftain of the Cheruski who defeated the Roman army at the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest
- Dokubo-Asari - Nigeria, a political figure who currently fights against western oil companies in the Niger Delta
- Billy the Kid â€" United States, a 19th-century American frontier outlaw and gunman
- Black Hawk â€" Midwestern United States, a Sauk Indian warrior who resisted white settlement
- Sitting Bull â€" shaman leader of the Hunkpapa Lakota
- Bonnie and Clyde â€" United States, bank robbers who evaded retribution in the 1930s.
- Mohamed Bouazizi - Tunisian fruit vendor who immolated himself in protest of government mistreatment and sparked a successful revolution in that country and the Arab Spring
- Boudica - Great Britain, warrior queen who led an uprising against the Roman Empire in Britain
- Daniel Boone â€" United States, an American pioneer in the late 18th and early 19th centuries
- Brian Boru â€" Ireland, High King of Ireland who "drove the Danes out of Ireland" at the Battle of Clontarf.
- John Brown â€" United States, attempted to lead a slave revolt in the south by raiding Harper's Ferry, helped spark the American Civil War
- Calamity Jane â€" United States, a tough Wild West woman
- Lady of Ch'iao Kuo â€" China, warrior, politician, queen of the Hsien
- Kakutsa Cholokashvili â€" Anti-soviet guerilla fighter who led the August Uprising, national hero of Georgia.
- Joseph Cinqué â€" West African man of the Mende tribe, leader of the Amistad slave rebellion.
- Gajah Mada - Indonesia, Unify the Southeast Asian archipelago of Nusantara in the 13th century for Majapahit.
- Gregorio Cortez â€" Mexican-American folk hero
- Giuseppe Garibaldi â€" Italy, general, he personally commanded and fought in many military campaigns that led eventually to the formation of a unified Italy.
- Davy Crockett â€" United States, an Indian-fighter and Congressman; died as a hero fighting in the Alamo
- Nils Dacke â€" Sweden, leader of a 16th-century peasant revolt
- Zerai Deres â€" Eritrea, Eritrean-born man lionized for his act of vengeance against the Italian Fascists in Rome during an imperial celebration
- John Dillinger - United States, gangster and bank robber. Robbed dozens of banks, escaped from jail multiple times.
- Anton Docher - United States, Roman Catholic missionary and defender of the native Americans in New Mexico, he fought for five years in the French colonial army
- Pier Gerlofs Donia â€" Frisia, legendary giant warrior, freedom fighter and leader of the Arumer Zwarte Hoop
- Ahmad Shah Durrani â€" The founder of the Afghan Durrani Empire
- Engelbrekt Engelbrektsson â€" Sweden, rebel and temporary regent in the 15th century
- Guy Fawkes â€" Roman Catholic restorationist from England who planned the Gunpowder Plot
- Mike Fink â€" United States, the toughest boatman on the Mississippi River and a rival of Davy Crockett
- José Gaspar RodrÃguez de Francia - First consul of Paraguay
- Eppelein von Gailingen â€" Germany, robber baron
- Geronimo â€" United States, Apache warrior, fought United States army for years defending his people and homeland
- Lazar Hrebeljanovic â€" Serbian, ruler of Moravian Serbia, who fought and perished at the Battle of Kosovo, to which his name and life are inextricably tied.
- Genghis Khan â€" Mongolian ruler of the Steppe during 13th century, founder of the Mongolian empire
- Owain Glyndŵr - Wales, nobleman who led a rebellion against the Kingdom of England
- Tomoe Gozen â€" Japan, female samurai warrior
- Husein GradaÅ¡Äević â€" Bosnia, called "Dragon of Bosnia", led the resistance of Bosnians and uprising for autonomy of Bosnia against the Ottoman Empire
- Che Guevara â€" Argentine Marxist revolutionary, politician, author, physician, military theorist, and guerrilla leader.
- Nathan Hale â€" United States, a captain in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War
- Simo Häyhä â€" A legendary Finnish sharpshooter in the Winter War with 505 confirmed kills
- HekimoÄŸlu Turkish folk hero who led a campaign against feudal lords.
- Wild Bill Hickok â€" United States, lawman, gunfighter, gambler, scout, Civil War soldier, stage coach driver, performer, abolitionist
- Piet Hein â€" Netherlands, captured the Spanish treasure fleet
- Hone Heke â€" MÄori chief who chopped down British flagpole three times
- Joe Hill â€" United States, union leader and songwriter wrongfully convicted of murder in 1915
- Andreas Hofer â€" Austrian and particularly Tirolian hero who resisted the Bavarians and Napoleon
- Ishikawa Goemon â€" Japan, bandit hero notorious for robbing the rich and giving to the poor, though some accounts suggest he may have kept much of his ill-gotten gains. Before being boiled in oil, he saved his infant son at the cost of his own life.
- Jesse James â€" Wild West outlaw who supposedly robbed from the rich and gave to the poor (in reality his crimes only profited himself and his gang)
- Juraj JánoÅ¡Ãk â€" Slovak outlaw living in the Tatra mountains, defending Carpathian peasants from the tyranny of Hungarian landlords
- Casey Jones â€" United States, railroad engineer who remained in his locomotive and died in a collision while braking in order to save his passengers and sounding the whistle to warn the crew of the other train
- Kaluaiko'olau â€" United States - Hawaiian who evaded deportation for leprosy by hiding in the Hawaiian rain forests
- Pemulwuy - Australia, an Aboriginal resistance leader.
- Ustym Karmaliuk â€" Ukrainian counterpart of Robin Hood, who led a peasant rebellion
- Ned Kelly â€" Australia, bushranger and leader of the Kelly Gang, most famous for crafting bullet proof armor.
- Martin Krpan â€" Slovene smuggler, strongman
- Lam Sai-wing â€" China, martial artist and student of Wong Fei Hung
- Ten Tigers of Canton â€" China, group of ten fighters in southern China
- Lampião â€" outlaw, leader of a Cangaço band in Northeast Brazil
- Abraham Lincoln â€" President of the United States during the Civil War
- Francisco Solano López - President of Paraguay during the Paraguayan War
- Ned Ludd â€" Britain, leader of the Luddites in the 1810s
- Nelson Mandela - South Africa, anti-apartheid activist and first President of South Africa.
- Louis Mandrin - France, bandit of the 18th century liked by the population because he attacked the tax collectors
- Prince Marko â€" Serbia and Bulgaria, a Serbian prince and son of a ruler of Macedonia and most powerful nobleman of Serbian empire, who lived during time of Ottoman invasion, known for opposing the conquerors in his sovereign lands, and a source of many epic poems.
- Jack Mary Ann â€" a folk hero from the Wrexham area of north Wales whose fictionalised exploits continue to circulate in local folklore.
- James Morrow Walsh - Canada, a mountie who turned Sitting Bull and his peoples from enemies into friends in 1879.
- James Mckenzie â€" New Zealand, outlaw and inspiration to landless immigrants in early colonial New Zealand
- Joan of Arc- France, A peasant girl who led the French in the Hundred Years' War after she claimed saints told her it was God's will. Burned as a heretic she became a martyr, folk hero, and eventually a saint. She is now one of the patron saints of France.
- Juan Moreira - Legendary Argentine outlaw, famed as a skillful knife fighter he is considered one of the most important figures in Argentine history
- Maharana Pratap â€" India, a 16th-century Hindu ruler and Rajput hero
- Big Joe Mufferaw- Canada, a larger than life French Canadian woodsman took his life as a lumberjack in Ottawa.
- Miyamoto Musashi â€" Japan, a skilled swordsman, soldier, philosopher and author
- MiloÅ¡ Obilić â€" A Serbian knight from Zeta who killed the Ottoman ruler Sultan Murad I in the Battle of Kosovo, 1389
- Redmond O'Hanlon â€" Irish, rapparee of the 17th century
- Philippe Petit â€" Tightrope artist who walked between the two towers of the World Trade Center
- Pazhassi Raja â€" India, fought against British Raj in south India (Kerala) with guerrilla war tactics
- Louis Riel â€" Canada, founder of Manitoba, led two rebellions against the Dominion of Canada
- Dorus Rijkers â€" the Netherlands, sailor and savior of over 500 men, women and children as the captain of a rescue-boat, in the late 19th century and the early 20th century
- Mir Chakar Rind - Pakistan, a 15th-century Baloch chieftain and folklore hero found in the Hani and Sheh Mureed tale
- Paul Revere - an American silversmith and a patriot in the American Revolution whose 'Midnight Ride' warned patriot rebels of the arrival of the British military troops.
- José Rizal â€" Philippines, a critic of the Spanish Colonizers, was gun-fired by his executioners in Bagumbayan (now Rizal Park)
- Rob Roy â€" Scotland, outlaw whose word was his bond
- Juan SantamarÃa â€" Costa Rican national hero
- Sarutobi Sasuke â€" Japan, incredibly acrobatic spy said to have been raised by monkeys and trained in the Ninja heartland of Iga and Koga provinces during the golden age of the Ninja.
- Laura Secord â€" Canada, heroine of the War of 1812
- Daniel Shays â€" An American farmer who led Shays' Rebellion in the late 18th century over debt and taxes
- Skanderbeg â€" Albanian national hero who led the resistance of Albanian people against the Ottoman Empire
- Soapy Smith â€" Infamous 19th-century Colorado and Alaska bad man.
- The Smith of Kochel â€" Germany, a well-known national hero, especially in Bavaria
- Spartacus â€" Thracean gladiator led the largest slave revolt against the Roman Republic
- Samuel Steele - Canada, an mountie who bring peace to Canada West, and the Yukon for laws and order. Preventing bloodshed between the First Nation peoples and the settler peoples of Canada.
- Tipu Sultan â€" Indian, a Muslim who fought and defeated the British in the Mysore wars
- Ivan Susanin â€" Russia, Russian peasant who saved the tsar in the early 17th century's Time of Troubles
- Tamanend â€" United States, an Indian chief who became the source of many folk legends during the American Revolutionary War
- Yermak Timofeyevich â€" Russia, Russian Cossack leader who began the Russian conquest of Siberia
- Joseph Trumpeldor â€" Israel, leader of the Jewish forces at Tel Hai
- Nat Turner â€" America, Leader of Nat Turner's Rebellion (also known as the Southampton Insurrection), a slave rebellion that took place in Southampton County, Virginia in August 1831
- Dick Turpin â€" England, highwayman
- Vercingetorix - France, chief of the Arverni tribe, who united the Gauls in a revolt against Roman forces of Julius Caesar
- Viriathus â€" Portugal, the leader of the freedom fighters of the confederated Iberian tribes who resisted colonial Rome
- William Wallace â€" Scotland, knight who led a rebellion against England in the early 14th century
- George Washington - First President of the United States
- Wong Fei Hung â€" China, Chinese doctor, martial artist and revolutionary
- Huo Yuanjia â€" China, Chinese martial artist
- Yue Fei â€" China, general in the Jinâ€"Song wars, his role in the war was exaggerated by later folk legends
- Jan Žižka â€" Czech knight, commander of Hussite armies in 15th century
Possibly apocryphal folk heroes
- King Arthur - Britain, Legendary British warlord.
- Cúchulainn - Ireland, folk legend and the pre-eminent hero of Ulaid in the Ulster Cycle
- Fionn mac Cumhaill - Ireland, warrior, leader of the Fianna. Primary figure in the Oisin cycle.
- Gerard Adriaan Heineken - Netherlands, making of the Heineken beer.
- Till Eulenspiegel or Tijl Uilenspiegel - Germany and the Low Countries, trickster and jester
- Fong Sai-Yuk - China, martial arts folk hero
- Grettir the Strong. Icelandic outlaw
- Hercules- Greece, strongman and demigod.
- Homer - Credited author of The Iliad and The Odyssey.
- Hung Hei-Gun - China, martial arts folk hero
- Nai Khanom Tom - Thailand, master of Muay Thai
- Miloš Obilić, Serbian knight, assassin of Ottoman sultan Murad I
- John Henry - United States, mighty steel-driving African-American
- Robin Hood - England, outlaw usually associated with the motto "Steal from the rich, give to the poor"
- Rummu Jüri - Estonia, outlaw who stole from the rich to give to the poor
- Siegfried - Germany, the legendary dragon-slaying hero in Nibelungenlied
- Hua Mulan - China, heroine who disguised herself as a man in order to join an army
- William Tell - Switzerland, hunter began the rebellion against the Austrians
Folk heroes known to be fictional
- Beowulf - Scandinavia, legendary Geatish hero later turned king
- Pecos Bill - United States, giant cowboy who "tamed the Wild West"
- Paul Bunyan - United States, giant lumberjack of the North Woods
- Febold Feboldson - United States, farmer who could fight a drought
- MartÃn Fierro - Argentina, hero of the eponymous poem by Jose Hernandez
- Koba - Georgia, folk hero whose legend bears a resemblance to Robin Hood
- Joe Magarac - United States, steelworker made of steel
- Alfred Bulltop Stormalong - United States, immense sailor whose ship was so big it scraped the moon
- Chen Zhen - China, martial artist who fought against Japanese aggression in pre-World War II China
- MomotarÅ - Japan, legendary figure from the Edo period who defeated a band of ogres
See also
- Culture hero
References
Works cited
- Seal, Graham. Encyclopedia of Folk Heroes. ABC-CLIO, 2001.
