Spirou et Fantasio

Spirou et Fantasio (Spirou and Fantasio) is one of the most popular classic Franco-Belgian comics. The series, which has been running since 1938, shares many characteristics with other European humorous adventure comics like The Adventures of Tintin and Asterix. It has been written and drawn by a succession of artists.

Spirou and Fantasio are the series' main characters, two adventurous journalists who run into fantastic adventures, aided by Spirou's pet squirrel Spip and their inventor friend the Count of Champignac.

History

Origins of Spirou

The comic strip was originally created by Rob-Vel for the launch of Le Journal de Spirou (Spirou magazine) on April 21, 1938, published by Ã‰ditions Dupuis. The main character was originally an elevator (lift) operator (in French: un groom) for the Moustique Hotel (in reference to the publisher's chief magazine, Le Moustique), and remains dressed in his red bellhop uniform to this day although there was no relevance to his original occupation for many years. Spirou (the name means "squirrel" (lit.) and "mischievous" (fig.) in Walloon) has a pet squirrel called Spip, the series' first supporting character, who was introduced on June 8, 1939 in the story arc titled L'Heritage de Bill Money and liberated in the following week's issue, remaining a presence in all Spirou stories since.

Adding to the difficulties of magazine publication that came with the outbreak of World War II, Velter joined the army effort, and his wife Blanche Dumoulin, using the pen name Davine, continued the work on the Spirou strip, with the aid of the young Belgian artist Luc Lafnet. Spirou became the property of the publisher Dupuis (atypical in France and Belgium where most comics characters are owned by their creator(s)), who bought the character from Rob-Vel in 1943, and since then the series has belonged to no specific author. The title has therefore subsequently been passed on to several different artists and writers.

The first succession came in 1943 when Joseph Gillain, known by the pen name JijÃ©, was given charge of the character. In 1944 JijÃ© introduced a new character, Fantasio, who would become Spirou's best friend and co-adventurer. Holding many artistic commitments at Spirou magazine, JijÃ© sought to delegate much of his work, and in 1946 he handed the series to his understudy, the young AndrÃ© Franquin, in the middle of the production of the story Spirou et la maison prÃ©fabriquÃ©e.

Franquin's Spirou

Franquin developed the strip from single gags and short serials into long adventures with complex plots, and is usually considered as the definitive author of the strip. He introduced a large gallery of recurring characters, notably the Count de Champignac, elderly scientist and inventor; the buffoonish mad scientist Zorglub; Fantasio's cousin and aspiring dictator Zantafio; and the journalist Seccotine, a rare instance of a major female character in Belgian comics of this period.

One Franquin creation that went on to develop a life of its own was the Marsupilami, a fictional monkey-like creature with a tremendously long prehensile tail. The Marsupilami appears in the majority of the Franquin stories, starting in 1952 with Spirou et les hÃ©ritiers. In the series, it is adopted by the duo and follows them everywhere they go. Marsupilamis in the wild take centre stage briefly in Le nid des Marsupilamis (1957) which presents Seccotine's documentary featuring a family in their natural habitat, the jungles of the fictitious South American state Palombia.

Starting with Le prisonnier du Bouddha (1959), Franquin began to work with Greg (writing) and JidÃ©hem (backgrounds). As in some of his later series (Bruno Brazil, Bernard Prince), Greg staged his stories in a realistic geopolitical context. Le prisonnier du Bouddha is set in mainland China, with veiled references made to the Cold War. As for QRN sur Bretzelburg, it takes place in two imaginary European countries which bring to mind pre-reunification Germany. Lastly, it is with Greg that Franquin created famed villain Zorglub in the diptych of Z comme Zorglub and L'ombre du Z.

However, as Franquin grew tired of Spirou, his other major character Gaston began to take precedence in his work, and following the controversial Panade Ã Champignac, the series passed on to a then unknown young cartoonist, Jean-Claude Fournier, in 1969. One side effect of this is that the Marsupilami would only appear in one last story, Le faiseur d'or. This is because Franquin decided to retain the rights to that character; all the other characters remained the property of the publisher. Starting with Du glucose pour NoÃ©mie, there would be no more appearances of the Marsupilami in Spirou et Fantasio, with the exception of a few discreet references. Only in the 1980s did the Marsupilami reappear in its own series, and later television cartoon and videogame.

A long transition

Fournier authored nine books in the series, which saw Spirou evolve into a more modern character. Where Franquin's stories tended to be politically neutral (in his later works, notably IdÃ©es noires, he would champion pacifist and environmental views), Fournier's stint on Spirou addressed such hot topics (for the 1970s) as nuclear energy (L'Ankou), drug-funded dictatorships (Kodo le tyran) and Duvalier-style repression (Tora Torapa).

Fournier introduced some new characters such as OrorÃ©a, a beautiful girl reporter with whom Fantasio was madly in love with (in contrast with his loathing for Seccotine); Itoh Kata, a Japanese magician; and an occult SPECTRE-like criminal organisation known as The Triangle. None of these were reused by later artists until some thirty years later when Itoh Kata appeared in Morvan and Munuera's Spirou et Fantasio Ã Tokyo.

However, at the end of the 1970s Fournier's pace began to slow down and the publisher, Dupuis, sought new authors to replace him. For a time, three separate teams worked on concurrent stories. Nic Broca (art) and Raoul Cauvin (writing) took on Fournier's lead without adding much to the characters. Their primary addition to the Spirou universe, namely the "Black box", a device which annihilates sound, is in fact an acknowledged rehash from an early Sophie story by JidÃ©hem (La bulle du silence). Strangely, the authors were not allowed by the publisher to use any of the side characters and because of this, the duo's three stories read somewhat like a parenthesis in the series.

Yves Chaland's case

Yves Chaland proposed a far more radical make-over. His (very short) stint on Spirou is an ironic re-staging of the strip as it was in the 40s. This homage to JijÃ© and early Franquin was seen at the time as too sophisticated for the mainstream readership. It was prepublished in 1982 in Spirou magazine, nÂ°2297 to nÂ°2318, printed in two-colour, but was interrupted before it was completed. This unfinished story was first collected in an unofficial album in 1984, Ã€ la recherche de Bocongo, and then, legally, under the name of CÅ"urs d'acier (Champaka editor, 1990). This last edition includes the original strips, and a text by Yann Le Pennetier, illustrated by Chaland, that finishes the interrupted story.

Spirou in contemporary times - Tome & Janry

It was the team of Tome (writing) and Janry (art) which was to find lasting success with Spirou, both in terms of sales and critical appeal. Graphically, the authors' work was seen as a modern homage to Franquin's classic work, while their plots involved such modern topics as biotech (Virus), robotics (Qui arrÃªtera Cyanure?) and even time travel (the diptych of L'horloger de la comÃ¨te and Le rÃ©veil du Z, featuring future descendants of the Count and Zorglub). Their position as the official Spirou authors made them the flagship team to a whole new school of young, likeminded artists, such as Didier Conrad, Bernard Hislaire or Frank Le Gall, who had illustrious careers of their own. For a time, Spirou also acted as a side character in Frank PÃ©'s short-lived absurd humor strip L'Ã‰lan (originally published in the weekly Spirou magazine).

With La jeunesse de Spirou (1987), Tome and Janry set out to imagine Spirou's youth. This idea was later developed into a spin-off series, Le Petit Spirou ("Young Spirou"), which details the antics of the character as an elementary school boy. A lot of the gags center around the character's interest in the opposite sex. It is generally acknowledged, however, that the Petit Spirou doesn't have very much in common, psychologically speaking, with the adult character.

A new villain, the unlucky Mafia boss Vito "Lucky" Cortizone, based on the character Vito Corleone from the The Godfather movies, was introduced in Spirou Ã New-York, while Spirou Ã Moscou (1990) sees Spirou and Fantasio pay their first visit to the USSR, just as it was about to collapse (the country was dissolved in 1991).

In Machine qui rÃªve (1998), Tome and Janry tried to once again renew the series with a more mature storyline (wounded hero, love relationships, etc.), coupled with a more realistic graphic style. This sudden shift into a darker tone shocked many readers, although its seeds were apparent in previous Spirou albums and in other series by the same authors (Soda, Berceuse assassine). While many considered the change in tone to be courageous and laudable, there was some concern that Spirou lost much of its point when presented as a "realistic" character. At any rate, the controversy caused Tome & Janry to concentrate on Le Petit Spirou, and stop making albums in the main series.

Spirou in the 21st century

Morvan & Munuera

Then, after a 6 years break, which only saw the publication of L'accÃ©lÃ©rateur atomique, a Spirou spoof by Lewis Trondheim not included in the official series (but which received Dupuis' approval), the series went back to a more classical storytelling mode with seasoned cartoonists Jean-David Morvan (writing) and JosÃ©-Luis Munuera (art). The latter kept close to the spirit of Franquin's graphical style, while bringing its own touch of manga-inspired modernism. Morvan and Munuera's Spirou is partly remarkable in that it uses background elements and secondary characters from the whole history of the title, and not just from Franquin's period.

The duo's third album, Spirou et Fantasio Ã Tokyo was released 20 September 2006. Spirou and Fantasio uncover the story of two children with telekinetic powers (similarly to the manga Akira) that are forced to construct an edo and meiji period theme park. Dupuis has also released as Spirou et Fantasio 49Z a manga story by Hiroyuki Oshima after an idea by Morvan. This story tells Spirou's adolescence as a groom in a 5 star Tokyo hotel.

Due to a significant decline in sales, Dupuis decided to cease Morvan and Munuera work in Spirou in January 2007. However, they were allowed to complete one last album, Aux sources du Z, which was released 5 November 2008, with the help of scenarist Yann.

Yoann & Vehlmann

In January 2009, it was announced in Spirou magazine #3694 that Morvan and Munuera would be succeeded by Fabien Vehlmann and Yoann, who had together created the first volume of Une aventure de Spirou et Fantasio par.... Their first album in the regular series was announced for October 2009, but was later pushed back to September 3, 2010 and is named Alerte aux zorkons.

Le Spirou de...

In 2006, Dupuis launched a second series of one-off volumes by various authors, under the name Une aventure de Spirou et Fantasio par... ("A Spirou and Fantasio adventure by..."). It has subsequently been renamed "Le Spirou de..." ("The Spirou story by...")

The first volume, Les gÃ©ants pÃ©trifiÃ©s by Fabien Vehlmann and Yoann, had a modern storyline and art, not dissimilar in spirit to Morvan and Munuera's work. The second volume, Les marais du temps, by Frank Le Gall, is drawn in a more classic style not dissimilar to The Adventures of Tintin and ThÃ©odore Poussin, Le Gall's own comic series. The third, Le tombeau des Champignac, by Yann and Fabrice Tarrin, is a slightly modernized homage to Franquin's classic period. The fourth, Journal d'un ingÃ©nu, by Emile Bravo, is a novelistic homage to the original Rob-Vel and JijÃ©'s universes and stories, and was released to critical acclaim, being awarded at the AngoulÃªme festival. The fifth, Le groom vert-de-gris by Yann and Olivier Schwartz, is based on one of Yann's old scripts from the 80's originally intended to have been drawn by Chaland, while the editor rejected it. Yann picked up the artist Schwartz, working in a similar style, to complete the story. The story takes place among the resistance movement in the Nazi-occupied Belgium. Unlike traditional Spirou stories, but similar to other works by Yann, the story features rather much dark humour and political satire. It was released once again to some acclaim but also attracted controversy for its cavalier approach to sensitive issues. The sixth album, Panique en Atlantique, authored by Lewis Trondheim and Fabrice Parme, was released on April 16, 2010.

Characters

Main and recurring Spirou et Fantasio characters:

Spirou - The main character. An investigative reporter with a strong sense of justice.
Fantasio - Spirou's best friend and co-adventurer, a reporter with a hot temper.
Spip - Spirou's grouchy pet squirrel.
The Marsupilami - A very unusual creature captured in a South-American jungle by Spirou and Fantasio. Marsupilami is the name of the species, and the creature never acquired an individual name. Often referred to as "the little animal" even though it can terrorise anything and anyone!
Count of Champignac - Spirou and Fantasio's eccentric scientist friend.
The Mayor of Champignac. Petty, pompous, ineffectual and two-faced, he is mostly memorable for his trademark speeches in which he piles up mixed metaphors sky-high.
Seccotine - Their fellow reporter, a friend and rival at the same time. Gets on Fantasio's nerves, but a priceless ally.
Gaston Lagaffe - The main source of disaster and gags at the Spirou magazine offices. While he is the hero of his own series, he makes a few guest appearances in Spirou stories.
OrorÃ©a - Another brave female reporter, of Polynesian descent.
Itoh Kata - A Japanese scientist and magician.
Zorglub - A mad scientist as well as a former colleague of the Count of Champignac from university. Originally a foe upon his first appearance, he boasts that he could take over the world, but really wants to be recognised as the greatest scientist of all time. He later rehabilitates and becomes a friend of the protagonists. However, his ego is never shot down as more recent albums show.

Enemies

Zantafio - Fantasio's evil cousin.
John Helena "la MurÃ¨ne" (the moray) - A brutal maritime criminal.
Don Vito "Lucky" Cortizone - New York mafia boss, father of a dangerous woman called Luna.
Cyanure, a gynoid.

Albums

This list includes French titles, their English translation, and the first year of publication

JijÃ©

Spirou et l'aventure, 1948, featuring:
- Le meeting aÃ©rien (The Aerial Meeting), 1943
- Autour du monde avec le pilote rouge (Around the World with the Red Pilot), 1944
- Le voyage dans le temps (The Voyage in Time), 1944â€"45
- L'enlÃ¨vement de Spip (The Abduction of Spip), 1945
- La jeep de Fantasio (Fantasio's Jeep), 1945-46. Also in hors-sÃ©ries H2.
- Fantasio et le FantÃ´me (Fantasio and the Ghost), 1946. Also in hors-sÃ©ries H4

AndrÃ© Franquin

Spirou et Fantasio, 1948, featuring:
- Fantasio et le tank (Fantasio and his Tank), 1946. Also in hors-sÃ©ries H1.
- Les Maisons prÃ©fabriquÃ©es (The Prefabricated Houses), 1946. Also in hors-sÃ©ries H2.
- L'HÃ©ritage (The inheritance of Spirou), 1946. Also in hors-sÃ©ries H1.
- Le Savant fou (The Mad Genius), 1947-48. Also in hors-sÃ©ries H2 as Radar le Robot.
1. Quatre aventures de Spirou et Fantasio (Four Adventures of Spirou and Fantasio), 1950, featuring:
- Les plans du robot (Spirou and the Robot's Plans), 1948
- Spirou sur le ring (Spirou in the Ring), 1948
- Spirou fait du cheval (Spirou rides a horse), 1949
- Spirou chez les PygmÃ©es (Spirou meets the Pygmees), 1949
2. Il y a un sorcier Ã Champignac (There is a Sorcerer in Champignac), 1951, written by Henri Gillain. First appearance of the Mayor and the Count of Champignac.
3. Les chapeaux noirs (The Black Hats), 1952; followed by:
- Comme une mouche au plafond (Like a Fly on the Ceiling) by JijÃ©.
- Spirou et les hommes-grenouilles (Spirou and the Frogmen) by JijÃ©.
- MystÃ¨re Ã la frontiÃ¨re (Mystery at the Frontier)
4. Spirou et les hÃ©ritiers (Spirou and the Heirs), 1952. First appearance of Zantafio and the Marsupilami.
5. Les voleurs du Marsupilami (The Marsupilami Robbers), 1952; after an idea by Jo Almo. This story begins when Spirou et les hÃ©ritiers ends.
6. La corne de rhinocÃ©ros (The Rhinoceros Horn), 1953. First appearance of Seccotine and Turbot-Rhino I.
7. Le dictateur et le champignon (The Dictator and the Mushroom), 1953; after an idea by Maurice Rosy.
8. La mauvaise tÃªte (The Wrong Head), 1954
9. Le repaire de la murÃ¨ne (The Moray's Hideout), 1955. First appearance of John Helena, alias "The Moray".
10. Les pirates du silence (Pirates of Silence), 1956; with Maurice Rosy (writing) and Will (backgrounds).
- also including La Quick Super, 1956
11. Le gorille a bonne mine (Gorilla's in Good Shape), 1956
- also including Vacances sans histoires (Uneventful Holidays). Second cameo of Gaston Lagaffe.
12. Le nid des Marsupilamis (The Marsupilamis' Nest), 1957
- also including La foire aux gangsters (Gangsters at the Fair)
13. Le voyageur du MÃ©sozoÃ¯que (The Traveller from the Mesozoic, 1957) First actual cameo of Gaston Lagaffe.
- also including La peur au bout du fil (Fear at the End of the Line, 1959; with Greg (writing) and JidÃ©hem (backgrounds).
14. Le prisonnier du Bouddha (The prisoner of the Buddha, 1959; with Greg (writing) and JidÃ©hem (backgrounds).
15. Z comme Zorglub (Z is for Zorglub, 1960; with Greg (writing) and JidÃ©hem (backgrounds). First appearance of Zorglub. Part one of two.
16. L'ombre du Z (The Shadow of Z, 1960; with Greg (writing) and JidÃ©hem (backgrounds). Part two of two.
17. Spirou et les hommes-bulles (Spirou and the Bubble Men, 1959)
- also including Les petits formats (The Small Formats), 1960; both with Jean Roba (art). These stories, along with Tembo Tabou, first appeared in a newspaper, Le Parisien LibÃ©rÃ©.
18. QRN sur Bretzelburg (Q.R.N. over Bretzelburg), 1963; with Greg (writing) and JidÃ©hem (backgrounds)). A longer version was published in 1987 in a limited printing.
19. Panade Ã Champignac (Babysitting in Champignac), 1968; with Peyo and Gos (writing).
- also including Bravo les Brothers (Hurray for the Brothers), 1967; with JidÃ©hem (backgrounds).
24. Tembo Tabou, 1968, with Roba (art); followed by short stories

Jean-Claude Fournier

20. Le faiseur d'or (The gold maker, 1970). Last appearance of the Marsupilami.
21. Du glucose pour NoÃ©mie (Glucose for NoÃ©mie, 1971)
22. L'abbaye truquÃ©e (The Disguised Abbey, 1972)
23. Tora Torapa (1973)
25. Le gri-gri du Niokolo-Koba (The gris-gris of Niokolo-Koba, 1974)
26. Du cidre pour les Ã©toiles (Cider for the Stars, 1977)
27. L'Ankou (The Ankou, 1978)
28. Kodo le tyran (Kodo the Tyrant, 1979). Part one of two.
29. Des haricots partout (Beans Everywhere, 1980). Part two of two.

Nic & Cauvin

30. La ceinture du grand froid (The great cold ring, 1983)
31. La boÃ®te noire (The Black Box, 1983)
32. Les faiseurs de silence (The silence makers, 1984)

Tome & Janry

33. Virus (1984)
34. Aventure en Australie (Adventure in Australia, 1985)
35. Qui arrÃªtera Cyanure? (Who Shall Stop Cyanide?, 1985)
36. L'horloger de la comÃ¨te (The Comet's Watchmaker, 1986). Part one of two.
37. Le rÃ©veil du Z (Awakening of the Z, 1986). Part two of two.
38. La jeunesse de Spirou (Spirou's Youth, 1987)
39. Spirou Ã New-York (Spirou in New York, 1987). First appearance of Don Vito "Lucky" Cortizone.
40. La frousse aux trousses (Fear on the tail, 1988). Part one of two.
41. La vallÃ©e des bannis (Valley of the Banished, 1989). Part two of two.
42. Spirou Ã Moscou (Spirou in Moscow, 1990)
43. Vito la DÃ©veine (Bad Luck Vito, 1991)
44. Le rayon noir (The Black Ray, 1993)
45. Luna fatale (1995)
46. Machine qui rÃªve (Dreaming machine, 1998)

Morvan & Munuera

47. Paris-sous-Seine (Paris-under-Seine, 2004)
48. L'homme qui ne voulait pas mourir (The Man Who Didn't Want To Die, 2005)
49. Spirou et Fantasio Ã Tokyo (Spirou and Fantasio in Tokyo, released on September 20, 2006)
49Z. Spirou et Fantasio, le 49Z - Short Spirou manga by Hiroyuki Oshima
50. Aux sources du Z (The Origins of the Z, released on November 5, 2008)

Yoann & Vehlmann

51. Alerte aux Zorkons (Alert of Zorkons, released on September 3, 2010)
53. Dans les Griffes de la VipÃ¨re (In the Claws of the Viper, released on January 11, 2013)
54. Le groom de Sniper Alley (The Sniper Alley Bellhop, released on November 21, 2014)

1. L'HÃ©ritage (The inheritance). Featuring:
- Fantasio et son Tank (Fantasio and his tank, 1946, Franquin)
- L'HÃ©ritage (1946, Franquin)
2. Radar le robot (Radar the robot). Featuring:
- La maison prÃ©fabriquÃ©e (The prefabricated house, 1946, JijÃ© & Franquin)
- Radar le robot (1947, Franquin)
- Le Homard (The lobster, 1957, Franquin)
3. La voix sans maÃ®tre et 5 autres aventures (The voice without owner and 5 other adventures). Featuring stories by:
- Rob-Vel: La naissance de Spirou (Spirou's birth, 1938); Spirou et la puce (Spirou and the flea, 1943)
- Franquin: Fantasio et le siphon (Fantasio and the siphon, 1957)
- Nic: Le fantacoptÃ¨re solaire (The solar fantacopter, 1980)
- Tome & Janry: La voix sans maÃ®tre (1981); La menace (The menace, 1982); La Tirelire est lÃ (The money box is there, 1984); Une semaine de Spirou et Fantasio (A week of Spirou and Fantasio, 2001)
4. Fantasio et le fantÃ´me et 4 autres aventures (Fantasio and the ghost and other 4 adventures). Featuring stories by:
- JijÃ©: Fantasio et le fantÃ´me (1946)
- Franquin: La Zorglumobile (The Zorgumovil, 1976); NoÃ«l dans la brousse (Christmas in the bush, 1949); Fantasio et les pantins tÃ©lÃ©guidÃ©s (Fantasio and the remote-controlled skates, 1957)
- Yves Chaland: CÅ"urs d'acier (Steel Hearts, 1982)
- Fournier: Vacances Ã BrocÃ©liande (Holidays at Broceliland, 1973; Joyeuses PÃ¢ques, Papa! (Happy Easter, dad!, 1971)

One-shots: Une aventure de Spirou et Fantasio par...

2. Les marais du temps (The Marshlands of Time, 2007, by Frank Le Gall)
3. Le tombeau des Champignac (The Tomb of the Champignacs, 2007, by Yann (story) and Fabrice Tarrin (art))
5. Le Groom Vert-de-Gris (2009, by Yann (story) and Schwartz (art))
6. Panique en Atlantique (2010, by Lewis Trondheim (story) and Fabrice Parme (art))

Translations

The strip has been translated to several languages, among them Catalan Dutch, German, Portuguese, Spanish, Italian, Japanese, Finnish, Scandinavian languages, Serbo-Croatian, Turkish, Bahasa Indonesia, Icelandic and Vietnamese. One book, number 15, was translated into English, by Fantasy Flight Publishing in 1995. This edition is out of print. Book 16 was partially translated but never published.

Egmont has printed and released English translations of Spirou in 2007 in India through its Indian subsidiary (Euro Books). So far, albums no 1-11 and 14 have been translated.

Cinebook has started publishing the series in October 2009. Books released so far:

Spirou & Fantasio: Adventure Down Under (Aventure en Australie), 2009, ISBN 978-1-84918-011-5
Spirou & Fantasio in New York, 2010, ISBN 978-1-84918-054-2
Spirou & Fantasio: Running Scared, 2012, ISBN 978-1-84918-116-7
Spirou & Fantasio: Valley of the Exiles, 2013, ISBN 978-1-84918-157-0
The Marsupilami Thieves, 2013, ISBN 978-1-84918-167-9

In other media

The popularity of the series has led to an adaptation of the characters into different media. Two TV series has been produced, the first, Spirou, consisting of 52 episodes originally aired between 1993 and 1994, and the second, Les Nouvelles Aventures de Spirou et Fantasio consisting of 39 episodes originally aired between 2006 and 2009. Two video games have also been produced, the first, Spirou, was released in 1995 by Infogrames, and the second, Spirou: The Robot Invasion, was released in 2000 by Ubisoft.

Memorabilia

On October 3, 1988, the Belgian Post issued a stamp featuring Spirou, drawn by Tome & Janry, in the series of comic stamps for youth philately. This was the fourth Belgian stamp showing a comic hero.

On February 26, 2006 the French Post issued a set of 3 Spirou et Fantasio stamps, featuring art by JosÃ©-Luis Munuera. To commemorate the occasion, the MusÃ©e de la Poste de Paris (Paris Mail Museum) organized an exposition from February 27 to October 7, 2006 with two halls, one showing original plates and the other more recreational, with television, games, etc.

Sources

Footnotes

External links

Spirou official site (French)
English publisher of Spirou and Fantasio - Cinebook Ltd
History of Spirou magazine on Lambiek Comiclopedia
InediSpirou.net (French)
Spirouworld.com (French)

Spirou et Fantasio

Wednesday, March 18, 2015